Cognates and false friends in fourteen European languages

Sources and licences

Derivative of Wiktionary and of CogNet. Attribution and ShareAlike travel with this data when it is published or shipped. See NOTICE at the repository root. The data on this page is published under CC BY-SA 4.0

To cite this resource: linguafolks. Cognates and false friends in fourteen European languages. www.linguafolks.com/cognates-and-false-friends. Teachers and institutions are welcome to use, print or adapt the lists in coursework with attribution and a link.

• Wiktionary

  Translations, definitions (shown as the English meaning of a pair), pronunciation (IPA), part of speech, lemma and inflected-form sets, etymology. Obtained via kaikki.org / wiktextract — https://kaikki.org/.

  Tatu Ylonen (2022). Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data. LREC 2022, pp. 1317-1325.

• CogNet v2.0

  Cognate relations, and an independent check on translation pairs.

  K. Batsuren, G. Bella & F. Giunchiglia (2019). CogNet: A Large-Scale Cognate Database. ACL 2019; and (2022) A large and evolving cognate database. Language Resources and Evaluation 56, 165-189.

• Apertium bilingual dictionaries

  Independent bilingual lexicons (translation corroboration).

  M. L. Forcada et al. (2011). Apertium: a free/open-source platform for rule-based machine translation. Machine Translation 25, 127-144.

• Lexique 3.83

  French lemma frequency with part of speech, film and book registers.

  B. New, C. Pallier, G. Schalchli, J. Bourgin & M. Gimenes (2026). Lexique 4: A major upgrade of the "Lexique" French lexical database. Behavior Research Methods 58(5), 140.

• Russian National Corpus frequency dictionary

  Russian lemma frequency with part of speech.

  О. Н. Ляшевская, С. А. Шаров (2009). Частотный словарь современного русского языка. Москва: Азбуковник.

• DeReWo

  German lemma frequency with part of speech.

  Institut für Deutsche Sprache, Programmbereich Korpuslinguistik, Mannheim, 2013.

• SUBTLEX-US

  English frequency and contextual diversity.

  M. Brysbaert & B. New (2009). Moving beyond Kucera and Francis: A critical evaluation of current word frequency norms. Behavior Research Methods 41(4), 977-990.

• wordfreq 3.1.1

  Cross-language comparable frequency (Zipf scale), all fourteen languages.

  R. Speer (2022). wordfreq: v3.0. Zenodo. Zipf scale after W. van Heuven, P. Mandera, E. Keuleers & M. Brysbaert (2014), SUBTLEX-UK, QJEP 67(6), 1176-1190.

• Wiktionary false-friend appendices

  Evaluation set for false friends.

• BGN/PCGN romanisation

  Russian and Ukrainian romanisation.

• Simplified respelling

  The optional "Simplified" transcription shown under a word.

  Not a standard notation and not published anywhere: an approximation for English readers, offered beside the IPA it is computed from.